Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly positioned as a critical enabler of sustainable development in Africa, with growing applications across agriculture, health, education, urban planning, and climate change adaptation. While AI holds significant promise for accelerating progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), its rapid diffusion across the continent raises profound ethical concerns. These concerns are intensified by weak regulatory capacity, entrenched socioeconomic inequalities, data governance challenges, and persistent infrastructural constraints. This chapter critically examines the ethical dimensions of AI deployment within Africa’s sustainability programmes, with a particular focus on how AI can be responsibly integrated into key socioeconomic sectors. Drawing on interdisciplinary perspectives, the chapter develops a conceptual framework linking AI, ethics, and sustainability, and analyzes the ethical risks associated with data bias, technological dependency, labor displacement, environmental externalities, and institutional fragility. It further evaluates policy and governance considerations at continental, regional, and national levels, emphasizing ethical-by-design approaches, inclusive development strategies, and ecological safeguards. Through illustrative country-level case examples, the chapter demonstrates both the transformative potential and the ethical pitfalls of AI-driven interventions in Africa. It concludes by outlining future directions for building robust ethical oversight and governance frameworks capable of ensuring that AI advances a fair, green, and inclusive development trajectory for the continent rather than reinforcing existing forms of injustice and exclusion.