Africa’s technological evolution reflects a complex interplay of history, policy choices, and entrepreneurial agency, shaped by shifting economic, political, and social conditions. This chapter offers an integrated analysis of Africa’s technological ecosystem through three interrelated lenses: historical trajectories, policy and institutional frameworks, and business-led innovation. It traces Africa’s technological foundations from precolonial indigenous knowledge systems through colonial disruption, post-independence industrial ambitions, and the restructuring effects of neoliberal reforms. The chapter argues that these historical legacies continue to shape contemporary innovation systems and patterns of technological dependency. Adopting a policy perspective, the chapter examines the development of national and continental science, technology, and innovation frameworks, highlighting variations in institutional capacity, governance coherence, and implementation effectiveness across African countries. Comparative insights from selected countries illustrate how differing policy regimes and institutional arrangements influence innovation outcomes. The analysis further explores the rise of business-led innovation and the digital economy, focusing on the roles of entrepreneurship, venture capital, public–private partnerships, and emerging technologies such as fintech, artificial intelligence, blockchain, and renewable energy. The chapter also assesses the socioeconomic implications of Africa’s technological transformation, including productivity growth, employment dynamics, inclusion, and inequality, while critically engaging with persistent structural constraints such as infrastructure deficits, financing gaps, and reliance on foreign technology. In conclusion, the chapter proposes strategic pathways for building a more inclusive, resilient, and self-sustaining technological ecosystem. By situating technological change within Africa’s unique historical and institutional contexts, the chapter moves beyond simplistic narratives and highlights African agency in shaping the continent’s technological futures.