With the increasing global demand for green and low-carbon transportation, the Electrified Road System (ERS), as a highly promising green transport solution, is gradually attracting attention and recognition from various countries. To promote the green transformation of China's trunk freight sector, this paper systematically reviews the structure, key technological pathways, and the progress of domestic and international demonstration projects of electrified road transport systems. Based on the analysis of three power supply modes-overhead catenary, ground rails, and wireless induction-the study summarizes their adaptation scenarios and operational characteristics. By comparing domestic and international engineering cases and policy orientations, the paper highlights the significant advantages of electrified roads in energy savings, emission reductions, and transportation efficiency improvements. Finally, the paper identifies core challenges currently faced, including technical standards, safe operation, economic viability, and collaborative governance, and outlines future pathways for system standardization, intelligentization, and low-carbon integration. These insights provide valuable references for building a low-carbon and efficient road transport system in China.