Enhancing Emergency Evacuation by Optimizing Bus Assembly Points for Convenience Under Temporal and Spatial Factors

This paper deals with the issue of preventing disorderly evacuations with a convenience-based model for selecting bus evacuation assembly points in regional emergencies. Quantifying convenience through evacuees’ total walking distance, the model considers bus transfer efficiency and demand time windows. It minimizes total walking distance, penalties for violating time windows, and hard window violations, exploring variations in assembly points selection under spatiotemporal factors. Utilizing simulated annealing, this paper provides site selection conclusions and bus dispatching schemes. The results reveal a negative correlation between time window thresholds and evacuation convenience in the temporal dimension; increasing the threshold to 30 min has no impact. In the spatial dimension, damage to assembly points increases evacuation complexity by up to 41.5%. This research offers insights for optimizing bus evacuation strategies during regional emergencies, considering temporal and spatial factors for enhanced effectiveness.