Energy Management Strategy for Wind-Solar-Storage-Hydrogen Coupling Systems Based on Model Predictive Control

An advanced model predictive control-based energy management strategy for an off-grid wind-solar-storage-hydrogen coupling system is presented to address the stochastic variability of renewable sources and the tightly coupled dynamics of electrochemical and hydrogen conversion devices. By solving a rolling finite-horizon optimization, the model predictive control framework dynamically allocates battery charge/discharge, electrolyzer hydrogen production, and fuel cell power output to minimize renewable curtailment while maximizing green hydrogen economic benefit. A 24-h simulation under realistic wind, photovoltaic, and load profiles demonstrates the controller’s ability to absorb midday renewable surpluses and to smoothly compensate deficits with 50–100 kW of fuel cell and battery discharge during low-generation periods. Battery state of charge and hydrogen storage level remain within prescribed safety bounds, and the proposed strategy reduces energy losses by approximately 40% and increases hydrogen revenue by 15% relative to baseline dispatch.