Optimization of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Performance Using CuO-Water Nanofluids: A Response Surface Methodology Approach

This study employs the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to optimize the performance of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger (STHE) utilizing CuO-water nanofluids. CuO nanoparticles, with an average diameter of 40 nm, were synthesized into nanofluids at volumetric concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 0.6% using a two-step method. The thermal and rheological properties were enhanced by optimizing the ultrasonication process to achieve a zeta potential of 46.5 mV, ensuring stability without sedimentation for over one month. The study demonstrated significant improvements in heat transfer performance compared to conventional configurations while maintaining operational feasibility regarding pressure drop. RSM-based optimization highlighted the influence of nonlinear interactions on performance metrics, such as effectiveness and fouling rates. These findings underscore the potential of CuO-water nanofluids in enhancing the efficiency of thermal management systems.