Impact of Climate Change on Insect Pollinators of Crops in Cultivated Ecosystems in Tropics and Subtropics

Many of the cultivated ecosystems depend on pollinators for essential ecosystem services. Only a few compilations, though, cover the state of the science and anticipated developments regarding how cultivation practices and global warming affect pollinators. This chapter summarizes the effects of climate change via species distribution, insect–crop interactions, and physiological and behavioral effects on pollinators. It also covers the effects of conventional and organic agricultural operations and agrochemical exposure, particularly in the tropics. Conservation strategies for mitigating adverse effects include addressing the sustainability of food systems and ecosystems on planet Earth.