Interfacial Behavior of Surfactant-Covered Double Emulsion

The interfacial behavior of surfactant-covered double emulsions is examined using three-dimensional lattice Boltzmann simulations. The role of surfactants in stabilizing doubleemulsion structures is introduced, along with the effect of nonuniform surfactant distribution on Marangoni stresses, droplet deformation, and internal circulation. A numerical framework based on the color-gradient LBM coupled with surfactant transport modeling is presented. Key parameters such as capillary number, Péclet number, and radius ratio are considered to explain how external flow and surfactant redistribution influence the stability and deformation of double emulsions.