Western legal theory holds that the rule of law is not merely the logical construct, knowledge, and techniques of legal systems, but a mode of governance imbued with profound value-based implications. Modern China’s understanding of Western rule of law, however, has fallen into the extreme of dichotomizing law and virtue. In reality, virtue and shared values form the foundation of a law-based society. The most pressing issue in contemporary Chinese social governance is the absence of virtue elements in the construction of the rule of law, making it difficult for legal governance to fulfill its role in rebuilding social consensus. From the perspective of seeking a consensus on the rule of law and its virtue underpinnings, the Confucian concept of “virtue” represents a shared virtue discourse and value system between the state and the people in ancient times. “Virtue” was precisely the core value that unified social consensus in traditional society. Within Confucian governance logic, both the legal system and the structure of governance were built upon a foundation of shared moral discourse and value consensus across society.