The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into surgical health care is reshaping every stage of the surgical continuum—from preoperative planning to intraoperative navigation, postoperative care, and surgical education. The fusion of machine learning, deep learning, natural language processing, computer vision, and advanced data analytics has enabled unprecedented precision, safety, and personalization of surgical care. In the preoperative phase, AI enhances diagnostic accuracy through advanced interpretation of CT/MRI imaging, digital pathology, genomic analysis, and risk stratification systems such as MySurgeryRisk and POTTER. These tools allow early detection of high-risk patients, refined treatment planning, and improved prognostics. During surgery, AI-powered navigation and real-time guidance support minimally invasive and robotic procedures by identifying vital anatomy, predicting hazards, and reducing complications. Computer vision enables recognition of nerves, vessels, tumor margins, and safe dissection planes, while robotic systems enhanced with AI improve instrument precision, phase recognition, haptic feedback, and workflow prediction. Postoperatively, AI-driven predictive models outperform traditional scoring systems in forecasting mortality, complications, ICU stay, and readmission. Wearable sensors and remote monitoring allow continuous assessment and early detection of deterioration, enabling personalized recovery pathways. AI also revolutionizes surgical education by providing objective skill assessment, simulation-based learning, generative AI–driven case scenarios, adaptive feedback, and automated evaluation of technical performance. Despite these advances, critical ethical issues—including data privacy, algorithmic bias, informed consent, accountability, and equitable access—remain central to responsible implementation. Future directions highlight the development of intelligent surgical ecosystems, smart operating rooms, digital twins, real-time augmented-reality guidance, and precision surgical planning supported by multimodal data fusion. Collectively, AI is not replacing surgeons, but augmenting human expertise, strengthening decision-making, and advancing the global standard of safe, efficient, and personalized surgical care.