Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a transformative force across multiple surgical and perioperative specialties, reshaping clinical decision-making, diagnostic imaging, intraoperative navigation, postoperative management, and surgical education. Its integration into general surgery, minimally invasive procedures, orthopedics, gynecology, obstetrics, anesthesia, and pain medicine demonstrates the breadth of AI’s influence in modern surgical practice. Machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, and robotic-assisted platforms now support preoperative planning with unprecedented precision by optimizing surgical roadmaps, implant positioning, and risk stratification. Intraoperatively, AI-enabled imaging augments surgical vision through automated segmentation, real-time anatomical mapping, enhanced recognition of critical structures, and improved management of low-quality or obscured visual fields. These innovations increase operative accuracy, reduce complications, and support safer minimally invasive and robotic-assisted procedures. AI is further revolutionizing postoperative care through predictive analytics that identify complications early, personalize rehabilitation strategies, and optimize long-term outcomes across disciplines such as arthroplasty, pelvic-floor disorders, and chronic pain management. In obstetrics, AI-assisted cardiotocography offers standardized interpretation, early detection of fetal distress, and enhanced labor management, while gynecologic surgery benefits from advanced preoperative simulations, intraoperative guidance, and AI-assisted ultrasound interpretation. Orthopedic surgery has seen major advances in implant alignment, surgical navigation, and robotic accuracy, supported by evidence demonstrating improved functional outcomes and reduced readmission rates. Despite these achievements, widespread adoption is challenged by data privacy concerns, model transparency, cost barriers, infrastructural limitations, algorithmic bias, and resistance among clinicians unfamiliar with AI-driven systems. As AI technologies evolve, combining multimodal data fusion, explainable AI, real-time adaptive modeling, and augmented reality will define the next era of intelligent, context-aware surgery. When implemented ethically and responsibly, AI will enhance—not replace—surgical expertise, ultimately leading to safer operations, personalized care, and improved patient outcomes.