Lights Inside the OR

This chapter highlights the critical role of operating room (OR) lighting in optimizing performance and safety during minimally invasive surgery (MIS). It traces the evolution of surgical illumination from natural sunlight and candles to advanced LED-based systems, emphasizing the increasing complexity of modern hybrid operating rooms. Key parameters of ideal OR lighting—including luminance, shadow control, color temperature, color rendering index, and heat emission—are discussed in relation to surgical precision and ergonomics. The chapter also explores the impact of lighting on surgeon comfort, fatigue, and visual efficiency, particularly in MIS procedures. Emerging concepts such as green and blue ambient lighting for improved visual contrast and comfort are reviewed. Additionally, the integration of lighting systems into smart MIS OR theaters, enabling centralized and remote control, is presented. Advances in OR lighting technology continue to enhance surgical visualization, workflow efficiency, and overall patient outcomes.