Laser

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of medical lasers and their pivotal role in minimally invasive surgery (MAS). It introduces the fundamental principles of lasers, including their coherent, monochromatic, and highly focused energy, and explains their classification based on wavelength and active medium. Various types of medical lasers—such as diode, CO2, Nd:YAG, Holmium:YAG, and Er:YAG—are discussed with their specific surgical applications. The chapter further details the structure and functioning of laser machines, including control systems, safety features, and operational modes. Mechanisms of laser-tissue interaction are elaborated across specialties like proctology, varicose veins, and urology, highlighting precision, haemostasis, and minimal collateral damage. Emphasis is placed on fibre optics, energy delivery, safety precautions, maintenance, and troubleshooting. Finally, emerging advancements such as AI-assisted and multi-wavelength laser systems are explored, underscoring the evolving role of lasers in enhancing surgical precision, safety, and patient outcomes.