Electrosurgery

Electrosurgery is the most widely utilized energy modality in modern surgery, offering precision, efficiency, and effective haemostasis in both open and laparoscopic procedures. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles, biophysics, and practical applications of electrosurgery, with particular emphasis on minimally invasive surgery. Key concepts including electrical physics, waveform characteristics, and tissue effects are discussed to enhance understanding of cutting, coagulation, and blended modes. The chapter further examines monopolar and bipolar techniques, along with variables influencing tissue response. A detailed analysis of potential complications—such as thermal injury, insulation failure, capacitive coupling, and electromagnetic interference—is presented, alongside evidence-based safety strategies to mitigate risks. Practical recommendations and a description of a reference electrosurgical unit are included to bridge theory and clinical application. Mastery of these principles is essential for optimizing surgical outcomes while ensuring patient and operator safety.