Camera and Monitor

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of camera and monitor systems integral to minimally access surgery (MAS). It outlines the components of the laparoscopic camera, including the camera head and camera control unit (CCU), detailing their structure, functions, and connectivity. The principles and comparative features of CCD and CMOS sensors are discussed, highlighting recent technological advancements such as 4K ultra-high-definition and 3D imaging systems that enhance visualization and depth perception. The chapter further elaborates on monitor technologies, emphasizing the advantages of LED displays, optimal screen characteristics, ergonomic placement, and compatibility considerations. Special focus is given to fluorescence imaging using indocyanine green (ICG) for real-time anatomical visualization. Practical aspects including maintenance, troubleshooting, and future innovations are also addressed, underscoring their role in improving surgical precision, safety, and outcomes.