Plants play vital roles in enhancing soil health and sustaining agricultural productivity through several synergistic and interactive mechanisms. This chapter gives an overview of the current scientific literature related to the role of plants in soil ecosystem in terms of four major processes that contribute to the addition of organic matter by plant residues and roots exudates that stimulate microbial activity and humus formation; nutrient cycling by processes related to nitrogen fixation, phosphorus solubilization, and micronutrient mobilization; enhanced physical structure by root contribution; and enhanced soil biodiversity by microbiome-related interactions in the rhizosphere-plant interface. Plant-related scientific literature on cover crops, agroforestry, and green manure-related case studies in different corners of the world has conclusively revealed that specific plant-related cover crops, agroforestry, and green manure are capable of playing important roles in sustaining water, nutrient, and carbon capture capabilities in addition to reducing the dependence on chemical inputs. Some plants, such as legumes, deep-rooted perennials, drought-tolerant millets, etc., have potential that can be harnessed to regenerate soils across different agro-ecologies. However, the major hindrance to its utilization on a larger scale is cost, as well as farmers’ ignorance. Scientific development of newer technologies related to microbiological consortia, biochar, and precision agriculture will be of great help in boosting natural processes. Taken together, this chapter examines how strategically used plants can lead to healthier soils and more productive, sustainable agricultural practices. Moreover, it describes how plants enhance soil fertility and structure, with the consequence that this should result in sustainable increases in crop yield. It explains the processes, such as nutrient cycling and soil organic matter accumulation, that enable this.