Over millennia, mankind has used plants as a primary source of healing for various ailments. Medicinal plants played a crucial role in various cultural, ecological, and economic aspects of life throughout the development of human civilization; moreover, different civilizations have developed diplomatic relationships based on medicinal plants. Practices in traditional medicine can be traced through various historical records, particularly from ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Chinese, and Indians. Greco-Roman and Islamic civilizations. These records not only reflect knowledge of healing plants but also describe their use, with the relevant philosophical and cultural background. Nowadays, amid the global call to “go back to nature” and the widespread resurgence of traditional medicinal practices, it is essential to provide an evidence-based rationale for using traditional medicinal plants. This book chapter provides an overview of traditional systems of medicine, shedding light on the plant-based practices associated with these systems, tracing their development alongside the relevant civilizations, and concluding with the recent development of herbal medicine, grounded in evidence and scientific evaluation of traditional practices.