Unlocking the Potential of Algal-Mediated Nanoparticles in Plant Science: Synthesis, Challenges, and Applications

Algal-mediated Nanoparticles (NP) offer a highly promising, sustainable and eco-friendly method for diverse applications. The present review explores the confluence of algae, nanotechnology, and environmental sustainability. A comprehensive method of green synthesis of NPs using different classes of algae, characterization techniques along with their detailed applications in various fields including agriculture, bioremediation, nanocoatings, renewable energy, and carbon capture is discussed. The mechanisms (intracellular and extracellular) involved in the NP synthesis focusing on the unique ability of algae to reduce metal ions into NPs are explained. Furthermore, current limitations and challenges associated with algal NP, scale-up challenges, and variability in the number of algae are critically discussed. Additionally, it also provides insights about the use of algal NPs in real-life examples and highlights the potential solutions to enhance the efficiencies and curb the limitations to address the associated challenges. Collaboration between regulatory bodies and researchers in the area of nanotechnology is also mentioned to maximize the benefits of NPS toward sustainable development.