An Augmented Heffron-Phillips Model with Power System Stabilizer Based on an Enhanced Snake Optimization Algorithm for Damping Low-Frequency Oscillations in Electric Vehicle-Integrated Power Systems

A robust damping strategy is required for mitigating the Electromechanical Low-Frequency Oscillations (LFO) problem in power systems created due to various disturbances. The LFO disrupts the normal operation of the power system and, if not controlled, will grow and cause the system to collapse. Electric vehicles (EVs) are emerging as a key component for sustainable transport systems and future smart grids. But EVs have also complicated the grid stability issues due to their impulsive and variable nature of charging and discharging. An Augmented Heffron-Phillips Model (AHPM), based on the Synchronous Machine (SM) model 1.1, incorporating the dynamics of field and damper windings, is proposed here. The PSS is tuned with Moth Flame Optimization (MFO), Snake Optimization (SO), and an Enhanced Snake Optimization (ESO). The AHPM with ESO-based PSS showed excellent results with a damping ratio of 0.8590 and proved to be a robust approach against oscillations induced due to EVs. It leverages existing infrastructure, such as turbine governors and excitation systems of generators, and is found to be an economic and viable solution for solving LFO issues due to the integration of the grid with EVs. It supports the UN’s 7th SDG by enhancing grid reliability, stability, and sustainable operation.