Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Role in In Vitro Plant Propagation

Plant propagation in vitro has allowed increased production. Yet, challenges like contamination, low regeneration, and regulation expenses limit use. Nanotechnology, particularly green-synthesized nanoparticles (NPs), presents eco-friendly options. Using plant extracts, microorganisms, and biopolymers, green synthesis avoids harmful chemicals and lessens environmental damage. Metal, metal oxide, carbon-based (graphene, carbon nanotubes, carbon quantum dots), and polymer/lipid-based (chitosan, zein, alginate) NPs can be made using green methods. NPs aid in vitro plant propagation by improving sterilization, callus induction, growth, modulating genes, and inducing somaclonal variation, secondary metabolite production, and somatic embryogenesis. Studies show green-synthesized AgNPs sterilize surfaces, ZnO NPs enhance germination, and carbon nanomaterials improve plant process. Polymeric NPs also transport bioactive compounds for controlled release in cultures.