ADHD in Global and National Health Frameworks

This chapter provides a critical examination of the positioning of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) within global and national health frameworks. ADHD is formally recognized as a neurodevelopmental disorder by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) and by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Yet, despite this recognition, ADHD remains underrepresented in public health agendas worldwide. This underrepresentation contributes to fragmented policies, inconsistent service delivery, and stark disparities in diagnosis and treatment across diverse health systems. The chapter explores variations in ADHD-related policies and practices between high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). It examines how differing health priorities, constrained resources, and cultural perceptions influence the identification, management, and treatment pathways of ADHD globally. Finally, the chapter encourages readers to reflect on the broader challenges and opportunities for embedding ADHD more firmly within public health strategies, with a view to reducing inequities and enhancing outcomes for affected individuals across varying socio-political and economic contexts.