Cities Through History

This chapter explores Chinese cities through a historical perspective, focusing on the evolving relationship between Shanshui (mountain–water landscapes) and urban development. It examines how cities were conceived, constructed, and transformed as components embedded within regional landscape systems rather than as isolated entities. Through the analysis of ancient city maps (yutu), early water management practices, urban site selection, and spatial organization, the chapter reveals how shanshui conditions shaped urban form, infrastructure, and patterns of expansion across different historical periods. Particular attention is given to the transition from enclosed ward-based cities to more integrated urban–suburban systems, driven by changes in water networks and social organization. At the conceptual level, the chapter discusses key ideas such as context-sensitive design, the unity of humans and nature, and the aesthetic and cultural significance of Shanshui in urban planning. Together, these perspectives demonstrate that the historical evolution of Chinese cities reflects a continuous process of adaptation, negotiation, and balance between urbanization and regional landscape systems.