Overview of Coronary Artery Diseases

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of coronary artery disease (CAD), encompassing its epidemiology, etiology, risk factors, clinical classifications, and diagnostic approaches. CAD, primarily driven by atherosclerosis, manifests as chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) or acute coronary syndromes (ACS), with distinct pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical presentations. Key risk factors include age, lipid abnormalities, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and genetic predisposition. Clinical features range from asymptomatic ischemia and stable angina to life-threatening STEMI and heart failure. Diagnostic strategies integrate electrocardiography, biomarkers, and imaging modalities. The chapter underscores the growing burden of CAD in aging populations and emphasizes early screening, risk mitigation, and evidence-based management to improve outcomes in both chronic and acute settings.