Soil organic carbon (SOC) constitutes the largest carbon reservoir within terrestrial ecosystems, even minor fluctuations in SOC can precipitate abrupt changes in CO2 concentrations, exerting profound impacts on global climate change and the carbon cycle. Vegetation biomass serves as a crucial parameter for assessing vegetation carbon sinks and is a key indicator for evaluating regional or global carbon sequestration potential. Consequently, precise estimation of carbon in vegetation biomass is fundamental to quantifying terrestrial carbon sequestration potential. Meanwhile, the dynamics of vegetation and soil carbon sinks constitute the carbon source-sink functions of ecosystems. Furthermore, ecological changes such as the terrestrial carbon sink and vegetation community of Tibetan Plateau and its response to climate change and human activities represent a focal point in global change research. Thus, how have the vegetation biomass, soil organic carbon, vegetation net primary productivity, grassland degradation, and ecological service functions of the Tibetan Plateau changed in the context of increasing global climate change and human activity interference? The above research and driving mechanism explore has important guiding significance for the precise implementation of ecological restoration strategies and the increase of land carbon sequestration for the Tibetan Plateau.