In the whole world, prostate cancer is the leading cancer risk in causing deaths among males, but early prostate cancer diagnosis is crucial to maximizing patient outcomes. The study analyses the development of optical biosensors over time and their role in improving the diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer. Compared with traditional diagnostic procedures, optical biosensors are the best detection platforms due to their fast, accurate, and touch-free detection technologies. The section starts by explaining prostate cancer biology, clinical aspects, and basic principles of optical sensing technology. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) joins fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy and photonic crystal-based sensors, as they all offer distinct capabilities for prostate-specific biomarker recognition, including prostate-specific antigen detection, circulating tumor cell analysis, and exosomal RNA identification. Research is advancing through the development of portable platforms and user-friendly devices that perform point-of-care testing and ongoing monitoring at locations outside clinical settings. Along with this discussion, the book covers the challenges in clinical translation, including standardization, regulatory approval, and cost-effectiveness. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the potential of optical biosensors to transform prostate cancer care by examining advanced and emerging technological solutions.