Fungal pathogens pose a significant threat to global food production, causing massive agricultural losses by infecting crops, reducing yields and quality. This is due to severe disruptions in plant physiological processes, including nutrient uptake, water transport, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and protein synthesis. Among the main pathogenic fungi are Ascomycetes, which cause stem rot, powdery mildew, and leaf spot, and Basidiomycetes, which cause rust. Each pathogen exhibits specific strategies that disrupt plant biological processes. Therefore, it is essential to characterize pathogenic fungi. This includes understanding the species name or taxonomic group of the fungus, the infection process, the pathogen’s life cycle, and the environmental conditions that promote infection. Understanding these factors allows us to determine the most efficient control method to reduce economic losses in food-related agricultural crops. It is a broad undertaking given the complexity and diversity of the pathogens involved in plant damage. Strategies can also be implemented to prevent damage or the incidence of pathogens by controlling crop environmental conditions to prevent optimal conditions for the pathogenesis of fungi present in plants. It also involves establishing different control strategies, using as few chemical compounds as possible to reduce environmental pollution and potential risks to human health.