Bioproduct-Derived Nanofertilizers for Soil Health and Sustainable Agriculture

Nanofertilizers have arisen as new tools in agriculture, which provide efficient nutrient delivery systems for improving plant growth and yield. Nevertheless, emerging safety concerns to plant physiology and environment demand systematic investigation. This review critically discusses the uptake, translocation and accumulation mechanisms of NP in plants highlighting their agronomic implications like nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) enhancement, stress amelioration and nutrient absorption pathways optimization. The review also describes possible negative impacts such as phytotoxicity, oxidative stress and photosynthetic disorder. There is an emphasis on the effect of soil microbiota and fertility, not only in respect to their interactions with NANOPTERNs but also nanofertilizer performance considerations including particle composition, size, concentration, and plant species sensitivity. Recent developments in risk assessment models and regulatory approaches have been examined to pinpoint current deficiencies and difficulties. This review ultimately emphasizes the need for standardized safety protocols, sustainable formulation and application strategies, and continued multidisciplinary research to guarantee the safe and responsible mixing of nanofertilizers into sustainable agricultural systems.