Delirium and dementia are the most prevalent neurocognitive disorders, both characterized by impaired cognitive functioning but distinguished by the presence of altered consciousness in delirium and progressive forgetfulness in dementia. Delirium is an acute, fluctuating disturbance in attention and awareness, often precipitated by medical illness, polypharmacy, or environmental factors, common in hospitalized and terminally ill patients. Dementia, or major neurocognitive disorder, is a progressive decline in multiple cognitive domains without disturbance of consciousness, most frequently caused by Alzheimer’s disease, vascular pathology, or Lewy body disease. Risk factors for both disorders include modifiable and non-modifiable factors. Management of neurocognitive disorders involves identifying underlying causes, providing supportive care, and implementing individualized non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions. Nursing care focuses on maintaining safety, promoting orientation, supporting basic needs, addressing behavioral and psychological symptoms, and providing caregiver education. Early detection and comprehensive, multidisciplinary management of delirium and dementia can improve outcomes and quality of life for affected individuals and their families.