Power Struggles: Understanding Political Economy Forces in Pakistan’s Energy Governance

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the political economy dynamics shaping energy governance in Pakistan. The nation’s energy landscape is shaped by multifaceted political and economic forces that critically influence regulatory frameworks, resource allocation, and decision-making. Political parties, government officials, and dominant elites exert substantial influence over energy policy, often prioritising short-term political gains over long-term sustainability. These challenges are compounded by pervasive rent-seeking behaviour, systemic corruption, governance deficiencies, and institutional fragility, which collectively hinder effective policy implementation for the public and national interest. Through empirical analysis, this study demonstrates the profound impact of these intertwined political and economic forces on the governance of the energy sector. To address these issues, it recommends strengthening long-term energy planning, enhancing accountability and transparency mechanisms, and cultivating sectoral integrity. Furthermore, it emphasises the critical need to bolster regulatory frameworks and foster inclusive stakeholder engagement. By confronting the root causes of these power struggles and political-economic dynamics, Pakistan can pave the way for a more resilient and sustainable energy governance framework.