Coal, Climate, and Policy: India’s Journey Toward a Sustainable Energy Future

India remains one of the world’s most coal-dependent countries, with approximately 40%–50% of its primary energy and around 70% of its electricity generated from coal-fired power plants. In 2023, India’s total energy demand reached 1075 Mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent), and this demand is projected to increase further as the economy and population continue to grow. Globally, efforts to reduce coal dependency have intensified in response to climate change; however, for India, the challenge is particularly pressing, as coal-related air pollution significantly affects public health and environmental quality. The transition toward renewable energy, therefore, presents both critical opportunities and substantial economic, structural, and social challenges. This paper examines India’s progress in advancing sustainable energy and identifies the key obstacles that continue to impede a full transition away from coal. It also discusses how climate change impacts have influenced national policy responses. The study employs a case study and policy analysis approach, focusing on major reforms and initiatives aimed at supporting a cleaner and more sustainable energy system. The findings suggest that while notable advancements have been made, India’s transition will necessarily be gradual. Achieving a sustainable energy future will depend on sustained investment, policy coordination, technological development, and the ability to maintain energy security while reducing environmental harm.