This chapter explores the intricate formation, evolution, and interactions of state coalitions within the framework of global climate governance, from the foundational Rio Earth Summit in 1992 to the transformative outcomes of recent COP summits up to 2025. By examining key groups such as the G77 + China, the Umbrella Group, OPEC, AOSIS, and LDCs, it elucidates how these alliances navigate the tensions between equity, vulnerability, economic interests, and institutional constraints under the UNFCCC. Drawing on historical analyses of the Conference of the Parties (COPs), the discussion highlights the shift from rigid North–South dichotomies to multipolar, fragmented dynamics, where coalitions amplify voices, contest norms like CBDR, and drive both progress and impasses in addressing the climate crisis.