Hierarchical storage of sensitive information and tiered user access play a vital role in secure data sharing. However, current schemes often exhibit limitations in implementing effective hierarchical access control, struggling to maintain an optimal balance between security and efficiency. To overcome these obstacles, we propose TABS-CE, a reliable attribute-based searchable data sharing framework designed for cloud–edge–end environments. By exploiting the decentralized characteristics of blockchain, our method adopts a distributed key generation strategy combined with polynomial-based secret sharing to collaboratively generate the master key, thereby minimizing the potential for key exposure. Furthermore, by merging attribute-based encryption with searchable encryption, our approach supports fine-grained access control while enabling efficient keyword-based data retrieval. In addition, edge nodes are employed to handle partial encryption and decryption processes on behalf of data owners, effectively lowering the computational burden on end devices. Security analysis confirms the scheme’s ability to meet its design goals while preserving strong security. Through simulation-based evaluation, the proposed approach is shown to be both viable and efficient under realistic conditions.