Neural Networks

Artificial Neural Network (ANN), hereinafter referred to as Neural Network (NN), is an important algorithm in machine learning and also the fundamental algorithm that underpins the development of deep learning. The evolution of neural networks has been a torturous journey, marked by several pivotal events. In 1943, physiologist W. S. McCulloch and mathematician W. A. Pitts proposed the M-P model (Choi et al. in Transl Vis Sci Technol 9:14–14, 2020 [1]), a mathematical model of neurons, which was an abstract and simplified version based on the structure and working principle of biological neurons. In 1958, computer scientist Frank Rosenblatt introduced the perceptron, an artificial neural network with a learning algorithm, capable of solving some linearly separable problems.