This chapter synthesises contemporary vaccine hesitancy research by integrating a bibliometric analysis with a structured behavioural review of academic literature published between 2015 and 2022. Drawing on 352 articles indexed in Scopus, the bibliometric analysis maps publication trends, geographic distribution, collaboration networks, and thematic clusters, revealing a spike in vaccine hesitancy scholarship during the COVID-19 pandemic and a strong concentration of research output in high-income countries. Complementing this, a structured review of 138 influential studies pinpoints the key theories, constructs, research variables, as well as research contexts and methods in vaccine hesitancy literature. Together, these analyses demonstrate that vaccine hesitancy research is predominantly grounded in psychological and social cognition theories, with a primary focus on individual-level attitudes, risk perceptions, trust, and intentions. Comparatively fewer studies examine structural, organisational, or policy-level influences or measure actual vaccination behaviour. Together, these analyses provide a comprehensive overview of the knowledge structure and evolution of vaccine hesitancy research, highlighting geographical and conceptual gaps, including the underrepresentation of low- and middle-income countries. The analysis underscores the need for more diverse, contextually framed vaccine hesitancy research to strengthen the global applicability of behavioural insights and policy interventions.