As the core carrier of grain production, the importance of protecting and sustainably utilizing farmland is undeniable. Taking food security as its logical starting point, this chapter analyzes the current status and hazards of cropland abandonment as well as the critical significance of addressing this issue. It particularly highlights the necessity of tackling cropland abandonment amid growing uncertainties in global food security, thereby clarifying the academic value and practical significance of this study. Results show that systematically examining the drivers of cropland abandonment and corresponding governance measures holds significant value both practically and academically. This is crucial for safeguarding food security and promoting sustainable agricultural development.