This chapter explores the study of plant chromosomes through the analysis of permanent slides, providing essential insights for undergraduate and postgraduate students in plant science. Utilizing conventional orcein/carmine methods, students engage in hands-on training to identify and differentiate between normal and abnormal mitotic and meiotic stages. By examining chromosomal features in somatic and gametic cells, the chapter emphasizes the importance of chromosome morphology in understanding genetic principles. Key points of identification include examining the type of cells—somatic, gametic, or microspores—and recognizing the chromosomal configurations associated with each cell type. The characterization of somatic chromosomes, typically rod-shaped and with distinct constrictions, contrasts with the condensed, bivalent forms of gametic chromosomes. The provided table summarizes the morphological differences and chromosome numbers across cell types, enhancing clarity for students. Additionally, the chapter outlines slide preparation, focusing on the salient features of various divisional stages, including normal and anomalous cases arising from natural occurrences. The chapter also incorporates the “Allium test” to assess the genotoxic effects of various non-biodegradable compounds, including effluents, despite treatment to meet discharge standards, on Allium cepa chromosomes. The chapter will further enrich their practical knowledge on how the nonbiodegradable compounds are impacting our ecosystems. Overall, this comprehensive approach fosters a deeper comprehension of chromosomal anatomy and its implications in plant genetics, preparing students for future research and applications in the field.