Digital Twins in Product Lifecycle Management

As established in the previous chapter, the internal structure and operational mechanisms of DTMS are primarily reflected at three core levels. Firstly, the Digital Twin model itself comprises fundamental elements—models, data, and algorithms—that provide precise virtual mapping, real-time data perception, and intelligent decision optimization capabilities. Secondly, the data interaction mechanisms between models and between virtual and physical domains create closed-loop pathways involving data sensing, analytical decision-making, and feedback control. Thirdly, integrated service systems, including human-in-the-loop and direct closed-loop approaches, facilitate functions such as design optimization, real-time production monitoring, and intelligent control. Together, this framework offers a solid technological foundation to address challenges arising in complex and dynamic manufacturing environments.