Introduction

Currently, the global manufacturing industry is undergoing an unprecedented transformation. The significant rise in personalized demands, coupled with the urgent need for digital and intelligent transformation, poses substantial challenges to traditional manufacturing paradigms. Conventional manufacturing systems, typically confined to rigid production processes, struggle to rapidly respond to diversified market needs, find it difficult to efficiently implement personalized customization, and exhibit low resource utilization efficiency. Consequently, there is a global initiative to actively explore next-generation intelligent manufacturing systems (IMS) to address increasingly complex market environments and technological changes.