Hydrogen is widely regarded as a promising energy carrier due to its exceptionally high gravimetric energy density (~120 MJ kg−1) and its ability to enable electricity generation without greenhouse gas emissions when used in fuel cell systems. Despite these advantages, the absence of safe, efficient, and economically viable storage and transportation solutions remains a major obstacle to its large-scale deployment. This chapter provides a concise overview of the evolution of hydrogen energy development, followed by an in-depth examination of contemporary hydrogen storage and transportation pathways, including compressed and liquefied hydrogen, solid-state storage through physical adsorption, and chemical conversion-based approaches. The performance, advantages, limitations, safety considerations, and environmental impacts of each method are critically assessed. Furthermore, recent progress in materials science aimed at improving hydrogen storage capacity, stability, and transport efficiency is highlighted. This chapter also reviews current research and development trends, market dynamics, and representative examples of emerging commercial and practical systems. Key technical challenges, system-level requirements, and desirable characteristics for future hydrogen storage and transportation infrastructures are discussed in the context of energy security, environmental sustainability, and ecological protection. By synthesizing technological advances and future perspectives, this chapter aims to stimulate innovative strategies for efficient hydrogen storage and transportation, thereby supporting the global transition toward a sustainable, low-carbon energy system.