The extensive use of fossil fuels in industrial and energy sectors has led to the rapid depletion of conventional energy reserves, prompting intensified efforts to transition toward renewable energy sources through technological innovation. Among various alternatives, microalgae have emerged as a promising feedstock for the production of biofuels, including biodiesel, bioethanol, and hydrogen. Microalgae are particularly attractive for hydrogen production owing to their fast growth rates, adaptability to diverse environmental conditions, ability to avoid competition with food crops, and high efficiency in capturing and utilizing atmospheric carbon dioxide. Consequently, microalgae-based biohydrogen production has gained increasing attention as a clean, renewable energy option capable of supporting carbon neutrality and environmental sustainability. In this context, this chapter discusses recent advancements in microalgae-driven biohydrogen production, covering sustainable hydrogen generation mechanisms, key factors influencing biohydrogen yields, bioreactor configurations, and emerging strategies aimed at improving production efficiency. Additionally, existing bottlenecks and future perspectives are discussed to identify pathways for overcoming technical and economic challenges. This chapter compiles recent progress and emerging knowledge in the field, with the objective of promoting biohydrogen as a viable alternative to conventional hydrocarbon-based biofuels and accelerating the transition toward a low-carbon and sustainable energy future.