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Following the First Opium War (1840), China found itself under mounting pressure from the so-called free commodity trade, enforced by Western powers’ modern warships and cannons. This relentless pressure led to the gradual disorganization of China’s self-sufficient natural economy and placed its solidified feudal autocratic foundation on the brink of collapse. Such developments brought about an inevitable transformation across China.

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Introduction

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Li Yindong

摘要

Following the First Opium War (1840), China found itself under mounting pressure from the so-called free commodity trade, enforced by Western powers’ modern warships and cannons. This relentless pressure led to the gradual disorganization of China’s self-sufficient natural economy and placed its solidified feudal autocratic foundation on the brink of collapse. Such developments brought about an inevitable transformation across China.