Introduction

Population aging has emerged as a global phenomenon, representing one of the most pressing challenges worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) projections, by 2030, one in six people across the globe will be aged 60 or older, and by 2050, this population is expected to reach 2.1 billion. Although aging trends are more pronounced in developed countries, the trajectories in developing and low-income nations should not be underestimated. Estimates suggest that by 2050, nearly two-thirds of the global population aged 60 and above will reside in these regions [ ]. With the rapid progression of aging societies—especially in countries such as Japan and China—improving older adults’ quality of life and social integration has become an urgent priority in these countries.