No matter how we look at it, Zhang Taiyan’s章太炎 (1869–1936) thought always presents an extremely complex facade. This not only refers to the fact that his intellectual sources are varied and that he has collected many things in the web of his thought, but moreover, it also refers to the fact that his thought is strongly argumentative, reflective, and critical. At the same time, too, there are differences between the thought of his early period and that of his later period. Nonetheless, it is not the case that we cannot find a unifying thread that runs through Zhang Taiyan’s complex thought. That is to say, the unifying thread that runs throughout his thought is his ardent rejection of a supernatural absolute and substantial existence and his immaterialist atheism. Zhang Taiyan’s overturning and deconstruction of all kinds of Western and Eastern beliefs in supernatural gods and theisms threads together the intellectual and spiritual battles he waged his entire life. This rejection of superstition is closely connected to his thinking on nature and humanity. Regarding this, he first used a “naturalistic” concept of “nature” to deconstruct all kinds of theistic and mystical beliefs. Moreover, he also used the Yogacara Buddhist notion of “conscious awareness” (xinshi心識) to deconstruct all kinds of supernatural beliefs. He also provided a new interpretation of “nature” (ziran自然) that dispelled his previous understanding of the term. These two constitute Zhang Taiyan’s view on nature.