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In March 2023, Saudi Arabia and Iran restored diplomatic relations after 7 years of estrangement, and they did so in Beijing. The agreement, brokered by Chinese diplomats through months of patient facilitation, signaled a fundamental shift in Middle Eastern geopolitics. For the first time in modern history, a non-Western power had mediated a breakthrough between the region’s two most consequential rivals, states whose enmity has defined Gulf politics for decades through proxyLebanonproxy battlefield conflicts in Yemen Lebanon, Iraq, and Syria. The breakthrough was unexpected not because reconciliation was impossible, regional dynamics had been shifting for years, but because China accomplished it.

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Embedded Influence: The Logic and Consequences of China’s Designed Interdependence

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年

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  • Asad Ullah

摘要

In March 2023, Saudi Arabia and Iran restored diplomatic relations after 7 years of estrangement, and they did so in Beijing. The agreement, brokered by Chinese diplomats through months of patient facilitation, signaled a fundamental shift in Middle Eastern geopolitics. For the first time in modern history, a non-Western power had mediated a breakthrough between the region’s two most consequential rivals, states whose enmity has defined Gulf politics for decades through proxyLebanonproxy battlefield conflicts in Yemen Lebanon, Iraq, and Syria. The breakthrough was unexpected not because reconciliation was impossible, regional dynamics had been shifting for years, but because China accomplished it.