Urban Policy and Implementation in India: Towards Sustainable Urbanisation

India’s urbanisation journey reflects a dynamic transformation shaped by demographic shifts, economic growth, and evolving governance frameworks. This paper examines the trajectory of urban policy and programme implementation in select cities of India, contextualised within the broader goals of sustainable and inclusive urban development. Despite the absence of a formal national urban policy, a series of centrally sponsored schemes—such as the Smart Cities Mission, AMRUT, Clean India, Housing for All, and DAY–NULM—have played a pivotal role in reshaping India’s urban landscape. The analysis contrasts the implementation of these missions in two cities: Delhi, the national capital, and Madurai, a regional city in Tamil Nadu. Findings reveal that while Delhi has leveraged its institutional strengths and funding access for substantial progress, Madurai’s performance, though commendable in housing and Smart City projects, remains uneven due to capacity constraints and administrative challenges. The chapter underscores the need for integrated planning, empowered urban local bodies, and innovative financing mechanisms tailored to city-specific needs. It calls for a shift from a project-based approach to a long-term policy framework that fosters equity, sustainability, and local accountability across the country.