Against the backdrop of new engineering education construction, the teaching of the “Java Programming” course faces multiple challenges, including the disconnection between learning and application, the monotony of evaluation methods, and the obvious differences in students' ability levels. This study conducts an in-depth analysis of the problems existing in the traditional linear teaching model in terms of knowledge transmission, ability cultivation, and technological application. Based on constructivist learning theory and intelligent education paradigms, this research proposes an AI-empowered teaching innovation system named "Project Chain - Hierarchical Learning - Intelligent Assessment" to address the above challenges. Rooted in the "One Core, Seven Wings" teaching model, this innovative system aims to achieve the collaborative development of knowledge imparting, ability cultivation, and ideological and political education by comprehensively enhancing teaching quality. Guided by the "Six Dimensions, Three Realms" framework, the classroom reform plan meticulously designs the curriculum structure—from teaching objectives to specific content—to achieve the goals of knowledge transmission, ability cultivation, and value shaping for students. Meanwhile, by reconstructing the three-level capability stages of "Basic Grammar - Logical Modeling - System Implementation" and integrating real industrial cases with curriculum ideology and politics elements, the system enables personalized learning path planning, stratified teaching, and precise teaching intervention. The establishment of a multi-dimensional dynamic evaluation system comprehensively assesses students' knowledge, abilities, and qualities. Practical results demonstrate that this innovation system has significantly improved students' code debugging efficiency and project documentation standardization while enhancing the course's high-quality performance rate, providing a valuable exploration of intelligent pathways for curriculum reform in programming courses within the new engineering education framework.