Smart Sensing with AI-Based Control Strategies for Responsive Façade Monitoring

The increasing complexity of modern buildings and the growing emphasis on energy efficiency, occupant comfort, and environmental sustainability have driven the evolution of façades from static barriers to intelligent, responsive systems. This paper explores the integration of smart sensing technologies and AI-based control strategies in the monitoring and operation of responsive façades. It provides a comprehensive review of sensing modalities, including environmental, optical, occupancy, and structural sensors, and examines their deployment within IoT-enabled networks for real-time data acquisition and performance optimization. Advanced AI techniques, such as machine learning, reinforcement learning, and predictive modeling, are discussed in the context of adaptive control for shading, glazing, ventilation, energy generation, and façade maintenance. Case studies demonstrate the benefits of AI-enhanced façades, including improved thermal and visual comfort, energy savings, and operational resilience. The paper also identifies current limitations, such as sensor reliability, computational demands, and economic barriers, and highlights future directions involving digital twins, edge AI, and self-learning façades. By unifying sensing, computation, and actuation, AI-driven responsive façades represent a transformative approach to high-performance, sustainable building envelopes.