This paper systematically reviews research progress on bioceramic artificial bone scaffolds for addressing the clinical challenge of large bone defects. Currently, bone defects exceeding critical dimensions cannot heal spontaneously, while traditional treatments such as autogenous bone grafting and metal scaffolds still face limitations including restricted availability, inadequate mechanical compatibility as well as non-degradability. Bioceramic materials demonstrate significant application potential due to their composition resembling natural bone, combined with degradability and osteoinductive potential. However, an effective collaborative optimization mechanism has not yet been established between design, materials, and manufacturing processes in this field. This paper reviews the current state of domestic and international research from three perspectives: multiscale structural design, material adaptation, and additive manufacturing. It aims to provide references for over-coming challenges in the integrated design and precision manufacturing of artificial bone structures, performance, and function.