Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) marked by inflammation, demyelination, and progressive neurodegeneration. MS pathophysiology is multifaceted, with genetic predisposition and environmental variables causing aberrant immune activation. When autoreactive T and B cells pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB), they set off an inflammatory cascade that destroys oligodendrocytes, myelin, and axons. The disorder typically presents with either progressive or relapsing-remitting symptoms, including visual problems, motor impairments, and cognitive impairment. Our understanding of MS pathogenesis is improving, which can have an impact on clinical therapy. For an early diagnosis, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), cerebrospinal fluid investigations, and clinical evaluation are crucial. Disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) include interferon-β, glatiramer acetate, monoclonal antibodies (like natalizumab and ocrelizumab), and oral medications (like fingolimod and dimethyl fumarate) to reduce CNS inflammation, delay the progression of disability, and lower recurrence rates. Physical therapy, interdisciplinary care, and symptomatic treatment are necessary for improving quality of life. Future research on neuroprotection, remyelination, and personalized medicine may result in more effective, individualized treatment regimens.