Impacts of Transition from Geo-Politics to Geo-Economics on the Foreign Policy of Pakistan (Post-2015)
摘要
This chapter assesses the multifaceted impacts of Pakistan’s aimed transition from geopolitics to geo-economics on its foreign policy, with particular focus on the post-2015 period. Framed within neoliberal theory, it explains how economic prioritization has reshaped Pakistan's diplomatic strategies, institutional mechanisms, and bilateral relations across three spheres: major powers (USA, Russia, China), neighboring countries (India, Afghanistan, Iran), and the Muslim world. The chapter reveals significant economic realignments including rising exports, record remittances, increased FDI, and current account surpluses, alongside institutional innovations like the Special Investment Facilitation Council (SIFC). Key findings demonstrate deepened economic cooperation with China through CPEC, warming relations with Russia in energy sectors, and a shift toward trade-focused partnerships with the United States. Relations with Iran and Afghanistan show growing economic engagement despite geopolitical complexities, while ties with India remain constrained by political tensions. Across the Muslim world—particularly with Saudi Arabia, Turkey, UAE, Qatar, and Central Asian Republics—the chapter documents enhanced trade agreements, investments, and institutionalized economic cooperation. The chapter concludes that while geopolitical factors persist, Pakistan’s foreign policy has undergone substantial transformation toward economic interdependence, regional connectivity, and market integration. Keywords: Geo-economics transition, Pakistan foreign policy, economic diplomacy, CPEC, SIFC, trade agreements, neoliberal paradigm, regional connectivity, post-2015